The Who
The Who performing in 2007, from left to right: Roger Daltrey and Pete Townshend.
Background information
Origin	London, England
Genre(s)	Rock, Hard rock, Pop
Years active	1964–1982, 1985, 1988–1991, 1996–1997, 1999-present
Label(s)	UK: Brunswick Polydor Reaction Track USA: Decca Geffen MCA Universal Republic Warner Bros.
Website	TheWhoTour.com
Members
Pete Townshend Roger Daltrey
Former members
John Entwistle Keith Moon Kenney Jones

The Who are an English rock band that first formed in 1964 and grew to be considered one of the greatest and most influential bands in the world. They have been described, moreover, as "possibly the greatest live band ever." The primary lineup consisted of Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle and Keith Moon.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles (including the celebrated "My Generation") and top five albums, beginning in 1965 with "I Can't Explain". They first hit the top ten in the USA in 1967 with "I Can See For Miles". The 1969 release of Tommy was the first in a series of top five albums for the group in the USA.

Keith Moon died in 1978, after which the band released two more studio albums, Face Dances and It's Hard, with drummer Kenney Jones, before officially disbanding in 1983. They reformed on several occasions in the ensuing years to perform at special events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia revival tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2000, the three surviving members began to discuss the possibility of recording an album of new material. These plans were delayed following the death of John Entwistle in 2002. Following a short break Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey continued on performing as The Who. In 2006 they released the studio album Endless Wire which reached the top ten in both Europe and North America.

Contents 1 History 1.1 The Detours to Woodstock (1960s) 1.2 Leeds to Time Magazine (1970s) 1.3 Face Dances to Giants Stadium (1980s) 1.4 Rock Hall to rebirth (1990s) 1.5 Endless Wire (2000s) 2 Equipment 3 Performance 3.1 The early years 3.2 The classic era 3.3 Later changes 3.4 Other aspects of their performances 4 In the studio 4.1 Sounds 4.2 Genres 5 Influence 6 Discography 7 Personnel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

History

The Detours to Woodstock (1960s)

In their early days the band was known as The Detours. Like many of their British peers, the group was heavily influenced by American blues and country music, initially playing mostly rhythm and blues. The Detours changed their name to "The Who" in 1964 and, with the arrival of Keith Moon that year, their line-up was complete. However, for a short period during 1964, under the management of Peter Meaden, they changed their name to The High Numbers, during which time they released "Zoot Suit/I'm The Face", a single designed to appeal to their mostly mod fans. When it failed to chart, the band fired Meaden and quickly reverted to The Who. They became one of the most popular bands among the British mods, a 1960s subculture involving cutting-edge fashions, scooters and music genres such as rhythm and blues, soul, and beat music.

The band crystallised around Townshend as the primary songwriter and creative force (though Entwistle would also make notable songwriting contributions). Townshend was at the centre of the band's tensions, as he strove to write challenging and thoughtful music, while Daltrey preferred energetic and macho material (Daltrey would occasionally refuse to sing a Townshend composition and Townshend would thus sing it himself). Moon, not really a songwriter (although he contributed a handful of songs in the 60s), was a fan of American surf music.

The Who's first hit was the 1965 "I Can't Explain", influenced by the early Kinks hits (with whom they shared American producer Shel Talmy). This hit was followed by "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere", which was the only song credited as being composed in a joint effort by Townshend and Daltrey, though Townshend implied Daltrey assisted in songwriting without credit in the liner notes to Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy. Their debut album My Generation ("The Who Sings My Generation" in the US) was released the same year. The album included such mod anthems as "The Kids Are Alright" and the title track "My Generation", which contained the famous lines "Hope I die before I get old", and "Why don't you all f-f-fade away." Subsequent hits – the 1966 singles "Substitute", about a young man who feels like a fraud, "I'm a Boy" about a young boy dressed as a young girl, "Happy Jack" about a mentally disturbed young man, and 1967's "Pictures of Lily", a tribute to masturbation, all show Townshend's growing use of stories of sexual tension and teenage angst. More hits followed, including "I Can See for Miles" and the 1968 single "Magic Bus".

Although they had success as a singles band, Townshend had more ambitious goals. He wanted to treat The Who's albums as unified works, rather than collections of unconnected songs. Although Townshend later said that the song "I'm A Boy" was from a projected opus, the first sign of this ambition came in their album A Quick One (1966), which included the storytelling medley "A Quick One While He's Away", which they later referred to as a "mini opera". A Quick One was followed by The Who Sell Out (1967), a concept album which played like an offshore radio station, complete with humorous jingles and commercials, and which also included a mini rock opera, called "Rael" (whose closing theme ended up on "Tommy"), as well as The Who's biggest USA single, "I Can See for Miles". The Who famously destroyed their equipment onstage at the Monterey Pop Festival that year and subsequently repeated the routine on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour with literally explosive results as Keith Moon detonated his drum kit. These early efforts resulted in Pete Townshend being the subject of the first Rolling Stone interview. Townshend revealed in that interview that he was working on a full-length rock opera. This was Tommy (1969), the first commercially successful rock opera and a major landmark in modern music.

Around this time the spiritual teachings of India's Meher Baba began to influence Townshend's songwriting, an influence that continued for many years. Baba is credited as "Avatar" on the Tommy album. In addition to its commercial success, Tommy also became a critical smash, with Life Magazine saying, "...for sheer power, invention and brilliance of performance, Tommy outstrips anything which has ever come out of a recording studio," and Melody Maker declaring, "Surely The Who are now the band against which all others are to be judged."

The Who performed much of Tommy at the Woodstock Music and Art Festival later that year. That performance, and the ensuing film, catapulted The Who to superstar status in the USA.

Leeds to Time Magazine (1970s)

In 1970 The Who released Live at Leeds, which is thought by many to be the best live rock album of all time. Also in 1970, The Who began work on a studio album that was never released. At the Isle of Wight Festival in August, Daltrey introduced "I Don't Even Know Myself" as "off the new album, which we're sort of half-way through". But within a few weeks of that concert Townshend wrote "Pure and Easy", a song which he later described as the "central pivot" of what became an ambitious concept album / performance art project called Lifehouse, distracting him and the band from work on the album in progress.

Lifehouse was never completed in its intended form (although it was reconstructed as a radio play for the BBC in 2000, and most of the material was released on a 6-CD album from Pete Townshend's website shortly after). Meanwhile, in March of 1971, the band began recording the available Lifehouse material with Kit Lambert in New York, and then restarted the sessions with Glyn Johns in April. Selections from the material, along with one unrelated song by Entwistle, were released as a traditional studio album, Who's Next, which became their most successful album among both critics and fans, but which effectively terminated the Lifehouse project. Other Lifehouse songs were released as non-album-track singles and on various albums over the years, such as Odds and Sods and Townshend's solo album Who Came First. Who's Next reached #4 in the USA pop charts and #1 in the UK. Two tracks from the album, "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again", are often cited as pioneering examples of synthesizer use in rock music; ironically, both tracks' distinctive keyboard sounds were actually generated in real time by a Lowrey organ (though in the case of "Won't Get Fooled Again", the organ's output was processed through the filters of a VCS3 synthesizer). However, synthesizers can be found elsewhere on the album, playing a prominent role in "Bargain", "Going Mobile", and "The Song is Over".

Who's Next was followed by Quadrophenia (1973), a work in the rock opera vein, but which can also be seen as something of an autobiographical or social history piece about early 1960s adolescent life and conflict in London. The story is about a youth named Jimmy, his struggle for self-esteem, his conflicts with his family and others, and his mental illness. His personal story is set against a backdrop of the clashes between Mods and Rockers in the early 1960s in the UK, particularly the riots between the two factions at Brighton.

The band's later albums contained songs of more personal content for Townshend, and he eventually transferred this personal style to his solo albums, as seen on the album Empty Glass. 1975's The Who by Numbers had several introspective songs in this vein, lightened by the crowd-pleasing "Squeeze Box", another hit single. Nevertheless, some rock critics considered By Numbers to have been Townshend's "suicide note." A movie version of Tommy was released that year. It was directed by Ken Russell, starred Roger Daltrey in the title role and earned Pete Townshend an academy award nomination for Best Original Score. In 1976 The Who played a concert at Charlton Athletic Football Ground which was listed for over a decade in the Guinness Book of World Records as the loudest concert ever.

In 1978, the band released Who Are You, a move away from epic rock opera and towards a more radio-friendly sound, though it did contain one song from a never-completed rock opera by John Entwistle. The release of the album was overshadowed by the death of Keith Moon in his sleep after a drug overdose, only a few hours after a party held by Paul McCartney. Two ironies about the last album include the cover, which shows Moon sitting in a chair with the words "not to be taken away," and the song "Music Must Change", which has no drum track. Kenney Jones, of The Small Faces and The Faces, joined the band as Moon's successor. In 1979, The Who returned to the stage with well-received concerts at the Rainbow Theatre in London, at the Cannes Film Festival in France and at Madison Square Garden in New York City. By the late fall, the band had agreed to undertake a small tour of the United States. Sadly, this tour was marred by tragedy: on December 3, 1979 in Cincinnati, Ohio, a crush at Riverfront Coliseum before The Who's concert resulted in the deaths of eleven fans. The band was not told of the deaths until after the show because civic authorities feared more crowd control problems would arise if the concert was canceled. The band members were reportedly devastated by this event. Also in 1979, The Who released a documentary film called The Kids Are Alright and a film version of Quadrophenia, the latter becoming a huge box office hit in the UK and the former capturing many of the band's most scintillating moments on stage over the years. In December, The Who became only the third band, after the Beatles and The Band, to be featured on the cover of Time Magazine. The accompanying article, written by Jay Cocks, was overwhelmingly positive with respect to The Who, their members, and their place in rock music, saying that The Who had "outpaced, outlasted, outlived and outclassed" all of their rock band contemporaries.

Face Dances to Giants Stadium (1980s)

The band released two more studio albums with Jones as their drummer, Face Dances (1981) and It's Hard (1982). While both albums sold fairly well, and even with It's Hard receiving a five-star review in Rolling Stone, many fans were not receptive to the band's new sound. Shortly after the release of It's Hard, The Who embarked on their first of several 'farewell tours' after Pete Townshend declared his alcoholism, cleaned himself up, got sober, and stated that he wanted to do one more substantial tour with The Who before turning it into a studio-only band. It was the highest grossing tour of the year, with sellout crowds in numerous stadiums and arenas throughout North America.

After final show in December, 1982, Townshend spent part of 1983 trying to write material for the next studio Who album which was still owed to Warner Bros. Records from the contract they signed in 1980. By the end of 1983, however, Townshend had declared himself unable to generate material which he felt was appropriate for The Who and he issued a public statement in December, 1983, wherein he announced his decision to leave The Who. With Townshend formally ending The Who as an entity producing new music, Townshend focused on solo projects such as White City: A Novel, The Iron Man (which did feature appearances from Daltrey and Entwistle and two songs on the album credited to "The Who"), and Psychoderelict, a forerunner to the eventual release of the radio work Lifehouse.

On 13 July 1985, the members of The Who, including Kenny Jones, reformed for a one-off performance at Bob Geldof's Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium. The band performed "My Generation", "Pinball Wizard", "Love Reign O'er Me", and an obviously unrehearsed "Won't Get Fooled Again" (it was later revealed that the band had also intended to play a new Townshend composition, "After The Fire", but was unable to learn it well enough to be played, it became a solo hit for Daltrey later that year). Although the BBC's equipment blew a fuse at the beginning of "My Generation", the band kept playing, so most of "My Generation" was missed by the rest of the world. In 1988 the band was honoured with the British Phonographic Industry's Lifetime Achievement Award. The Who played a short set at the award ceremony (which is the last time Kenney Jones has worked with The Who to date). In 1989 they embarked on a 25th anniversary reunion tour which emphasised Tommy. Long time Townshend collaborator Simon Phillips played drums during the tour. Demand for tickets was phenomenal, inspiring Newsweek to say, "The Who tour is special because, after the Beatles and the Stones, they're IT." There were massive sellouts in stadiums throughout North America, including a four-night stand at Giants Stadium. In all, over two million tickets were sold.

Rock Hall to rebirth (1990s)

In 1990, their first year of eligibility, The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Their display at the Rock Hall describes The Who as prime contenders for the title of "World's Greatest Rock Band." Only the Beatles and the Rolling Stones receive a similar accolade at the Rock Hall. In 1991 The Who recorded a cover version of Elton John's "Saturday Night's Alright For Fighting" for a tribute album. This was the last time that they released any studio work with John Entwistle. Pete Townshend toured in 1993 to promote his Psychoderelict album. On one night of the tour John Entwistle guested for several songs at the end of the show. In 1994 there were rumours of an upcoming 30th anniversary tour. These never happened but Roger Daltrey turned 50 and celebrated with two concerts at Carnegie Hall. These performances included guest spots by both John Entwistle and Pete Townshend. Although The Who were there, they did not perform together at those shows. Roger Daltrey toured later that year with an orchestra and special guest John Entwistle. The band consisted of John "Rabbit" Bundrick on keyboards, Zak Starkey on drums and Simon Townshend filling in for his absent brother. Pete Townshend had given Daltrey his consent to call this band The Who, but Daltrey declined. Overall, the Daltrey Sings Townshend tour was not a major commercial success.

In 1996 Pete Townshend was asked to join the lineup for a major rock concert at Hyde Park. He intended to perform Quadrophenia as a solo acoustic piece using parts of the film on the screens. After contacting Entwistle and Daltrey it was agreed that a one-off performance of Quadrophenia would happen. The band was augmented by Zak Starkey on drums (although he was initially reluctant), Rabbit on keyboards and Simon Townshend on guitar. Also, Jon Carin was added as an additional keyboard player, a horn section was added alongside backing vocalists and several special guests would join to play characters from the album. These included David Gilmour, Ade Edmonson, newsreader Trevor McDonald and Gary Glitter. The whole performance was narrated by Phil Daniels who played Jimmy the Mod in the film. Despite a few technical difficulties the show was a huge success and many considered this to be the best act of the day above headliner Eric Clapton. The success of this show led to a sold out six night residency in New York at Madison Square Garden. These shows were not billed as The Who.

The success of the Quadrophenia shows led to a major US and European tour. The show was reworked for the tour and included several Who standards as the encore. The show was originally billed under the band members names but was eventually billed as The Who to aid ticket sales.

After the success of Quadrophenia The Who disbanded once again. Pete Townshend went on to perform many acoustic shows, John Entwistle mounted several shows with his own band The John Entwistle Band and Roger Daltrey toured with the British Rock Symphony performing The Who and other classic rock songs with an orchestra. In late 1999 The Who reformed as a five-piece band with Rabbit and Zak Starkey on keyboards and drums respectively and performed several charity shows in small venues. Many of the songs at the shows were taken from Who's Next and included songs not performed for 30 years or more.

Endless Wire (2000s)

The success of the 1999 shows led to a US tour in the Summer of 2000 and a UK tour in November that year. The tour ended with a charity show at the Royal Albert Hall for the Teenage Cancer trust with special guests which was released later on CD and DVD. With the numerous rave reviews of the shows in the press all three members of The Who began to discuss the possibility of a new album.

The band's appearance at The Concert for New York City in October, 2001, was the most fervently cheered of any act by the audience of New York police officers and firefighters. The Who were also honoured with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award that year.

Just before the onset of a tour in the summer of 2002, John Entwistle was found dead in his room at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. A coroner's investigation revealed that while not technically an overdose, a modest amount of cocaine in his system was a contributing factor in a fatal heart attack, the result of years of heart trouble caused or aggravated by regular cocaine use, hypertension, and decades of smoking. In fact over-consumption of alcohol and drugs had dogged all of the band members except for Roger Daltrey over the years. After a brief delay, the tour commenced with bassist Pino Palladino. Most shows from the tour were released officially on CD as Encore Series 2002. Before the tour began new songs "Real Good Looking Boy" and "Certified Rose" were rehearsed alongside old classics such as "I Can See for Miles," but due to the death of Entwistle, they were not performed. In September, Q magazine named The Who as one of the "50 Bands to See Before You Die".

In 2004 The Who released two new songs, "Old Red Wine" and "Real Good Looking Boy" (with Pino Palladino and Greg Lake, respectively, on bass guitar), as part of a singles anthology (The Who: Then and Now), and went on an 18-date world tour, playing Japan, Australia, the UK and the US. Again, all shows were released on CD, as part of Encore Series 2004. The band also headlined the Isle of Wight Festival that year and received the usual ecstatic reviews. Also that year, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked The Who #29 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.

The Who then announced that the spring of 2005 would see the release of their first new studio album in 23 years (tentatively titled WHO2). In March 2005, Pete Townshend's website issued a statement that the release was delayed indefinitely, and explained that expected UK/US tours in the summer of 2005 were also shelved. Part of this was due to slow recording of the new material, and part was due to Zak Starkey's commitment to tour with Oasis. Townshend continued working on the album, posting a novella called The Boy Who Heard Music on his Internet blog site. This concept developed into a mini-opera which formed the kernel for the new Who album, and later a full opera which Townshend presented at Vassar College.

The Who performed "Who Are You" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" on the London stage of the Live 8 concert in July 2005. Steve White (drummer for Paul Weller and older brother of ex-Oasis drummer Alan White) took the place of Starkey, who was on tour with Oasis, and Damon Minchella (Ocean Colour Scene's bassist) filled in for Palladino (who was touring South America as the bassist for Jeff Beck).

In 2006, The Who were the first recipients of the Freddie Mercury Lifetime Achievement Award in Live Music at the Vodaphone music awards. Roger Taylor and Brian May of Queen presented the award.

On October 3, 2006, iTunes released two singles in advance of their new album, Endless Wire entitled "Tea & Theatre" (which is played at the end of the concerts during the North American leg of the tour) and "It's Not Enough."

Endless Wire was released on 30 October 2006 (31 October in the USA). It is their first full studio album of new material since 1982's It's Hard. The new album features songs inspired by many subjects, such as the incidence of Stockholm syndrome during the Beslan school hostage crisis ("Black Widow's Eyes"), Mel Gibson's 2004 film, The Passion of the Christ ("Man in a Purple Dress" and "2000 Years") and it contains the band's first mini-opera since "Rael" on 1967's The Who Sell Out. Excerpts from the mini-opera, called "Wire & Glass", were released as a Maxi-single on July 17 exclusively on iTunes, and was released on CD and limited edition 12" vinyl in the UK on 24 July. "Mirror Door" was released in a radio edit and was first played on BBC Radio 2, on The Ken Bruce Show at 10:00 on 8 June 2006. Endless Wire debuted at #7 on Billboard and #9 in the UK Albums Chart, but did not sell that well after it's debut week failing to go gold or platinum like their previous studio albums.

In advance of the album, and later to support it, The Who embarked upon their The Who Tour 2006-2007. First they did a 24-date European tour followed by the rest of the world. These are their first shows since their 2004 world tour and brief performance at Live 8 in 2005. Members of the latest lineup remain, including keyboardist John "Rabbit" Bundrick, bassist Pino Palladino, drummer Zak Starkey and guitarist Simon Townshend, who is also acting as the supporting act for The Who with his band The Casbah Club. Other opening acts on the tour include The Pretenders and Rose Hill Drive. Shows are again on CD and DVD as part of Encore Series 2006.

Sirius Satellite Radio offered a 24-hour channel dedicated to The Who from September 2006 into early 2007. This limited-run channel was produced by Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey and featured rare recordings, interviews, and broadcasts of concerts.

Zak Starkey was invited to become a full member of Oasis, and, in November 2007, The Who, but he declined, preferring to split his time between the two bands.

On 24 June 2007, The Who topped the bill at the Glastonbury Festival.

Equipment

Main article: The Who's influence on sound

Performance

The early years

Each of the eventual band members played in The Detours and in other groups. Pete Townshend and John Entwistle first played together in a band called The Confederates. The two also played together in bands called The Aristocrats and The Scorpions. Roger Daltrey was the lead guitarist for a band called The Detours. Townshend has said that at the time he, Entwistle and Daltrey met, Daltrey was the best guitarist of the three.

Daltrey invited Entwistle to join the Detours; Entwistle agreed to do so and left the Scorpions. Entwistle then proposed to Daltrey that Townshend, still with the Scorpions, replace Reg Bowen in the Detours. Daltrey agreed. The Detours were filled out by Colin Dawson on vocals (born in 1943) and Doug Sandom on drums (born in 1932), with Daltrey playing lead guitar.

After finding another band was using the title "The Detours," the band changed their name to The Who. Their manager at this time, Pete Meaden, changed the band's name to The High Numbers, reflecting his own mod influences. However, after one release ("I'm the face", b/w "Zoot suit" on the Fontana label), their new managers, Chris Stamp & Kit Lambert, reverted to The Who.

The classic era

From around the time the band settled on its classic line-up in the mid-sixties, The Who performed as a rock power trio modified by the addition of Roger Daltrey as a lead singer who did not play an instrument other than the occasional use of a tambourine or harmonica. From the beginning the band drew attention because all three instrumentalists — guitarist Pete Townshend, bassist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon — would often play lead parts, sometimes simultaneously, or the guitar or bass might assume the role of percussion while the drums added spice rather than driving the beat. The result was music more cacophonous and often more sophisticated than conventional performances in the rock genre. To this day, Moon is remembered for his creative and influential drumming, Townshend for his sensitive song-writing as well as his memorable riffs and power chords, Entwistle for his nimble and unorthodox bass playing, and Daltrey for his emotion and vocal power.

WTAC Power Rock AM600 in Flint, Michigan was the first radio station in America to play The Who, and the band played one of its very first concerts in Flint at a venue called Atwood Stadium, opening for Herman's Hermits. It was in Flint some time later during Keith Moon's 21st birthday (he actually did turn 21 that day, although biographies of the band at the time listed him as a year younger) where Moon, in a drunken state, was alleged to have driven someone's Lincoln Continental into the Holiday Inn pool. However, many witnesses to the party, including Who bandmate John Entwistle, insist that no such event ever occurred. The tale passed into legend, including the claim that the band was subsequently banned from Holiday Inns worldwide.

Moreover, all but Moon were competent vocalists, and shared the vocal workload. (Even Moon had the occasional vocal, though, the most famous being the song Bell Boy) Daltrey was the official front man, centered on the stage, and served as lead singer for most songs. Entwistle sang his own compositions, and contributed humorous role-playing vocal phrases in songs such as "Summertime Blues". Townshend sometimes took over as lead singer from Daltrey, or the two took turns during a song, singing alternate verses as in "Naked Eye" or exploiting a distinctive format in many of Townshend's compositions where Daltrey would sing the verses and Townshend would sing during a bridge or interlude which contrasted stylistically with the rest of the song, as in "Bargain" and "Baba O'Riley".

The surfeit of singers also let them use three-part harmonies in rich choruses such as the "Listening to You" motif in Tommy, and ethereal background "Ahhh"s in songs such as "Behind Blue Eyes" and "Odorono". One significant vocal technique used in early songs like "My Generation" was the "call and response," in which the lead singer would sing a line and the backing singers would respond. They also used background vocals in other creative ways, such as the staccato "Laugh laugh laugh"/"Lap lap lap" syllables echoing the sense of the lead vocal in "Happy Jack" and the humorous "Cello cello cello" chorus purportedly inspired by being unable to afford a string section when going into the studio to record "A Quick One, While He's Away".

Later changes

In 1971 they began to experiment with pre-recorded synthesizer "continuo" parts in songs such as "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" from that year's Who's Next album. This is an early example of "sequencing", in which a repeating keyboard/synthesizer pattern establishes the tempo of the song, and the other musicians, including the drummer, play in time to it. This technique was so far ahead of its time that it did not see widespread use until the 1980s in bands such as Depeche Mode. In order to perform these pieces live, the synthesizer tracks would be fed to their stage monitors, and drummer Keith Moon would wear headphones to ensure that he heard the recording clearly enough to sync the band with it. When they first introduced these recordings, technical difficulties sometimes severely disrupted concerts, causing the band members' notorious tempers to flare onstage. It was many years before the technique was perfected on stage, by The Who and other acts.

After the death of Keith Moon in 1978, drummer Kenney Jones (formerly of the Small Faces) was asked by Townshend to join The Who. Jones was the last "official member" to join the band. Jones's membership occurred during The Who's most prolonged period of inactivity (after their 1982 "split up", their only public performances were at the Live Aid concert in 1985 and a one-off appearance on British TV in 1988). When Jones joined The Who, they also gave up the power trio format and began touring with a keyboardist, usually John "Rabbit" Bundrick, and a small horn section in 1979. They scaled back to just a keyboardist backing the band from 1980-1982, but returned to the extended touring line-up, even adding a second guitarist, a percussionist, and back-up singers, on the 1989 tour. Simon Phillips replaced Kenney Jones as drummer for the 1989 tour. The 1996 and 1997 tour also featured this expanded line-up which helped them bring to life their 1973 masterpiece Quadrophenia. Drummer Zak Starkey replaced Phillips in 1996 (see below). Beginning in 1999, The Who nearly returned to the power trio format, with only a keyboardist augmenting the sound. They then added Pete Townshend's brother Simon Townshend, who had also played in the Quadrophenia shows, on second guitar and backing vocals in 2002.

Since the 1996 Quadrophenia shows, The Who's working drummer has been Zak Starkey, son of the Beatles' Ringo Starr. Starkey has been credited with reinvigorating The Who's sound with his youthful energy and a style of playing that is, at times, reminiscent of Keith Moon, who was a close friend of Ringo Starr, and Zak's first teacher on the drums; he even gave him one of his drumkits.

John Entwistle's death on the eve of their 2002 tour led to the addition of famed session player Pino Palladino as their touring bassist.

The Who began their career by covering and imitating rhythm and blues hits, and never completely abandoned those roots. Even after moving on to other types of material they continued to perform R&B classics such as "Young Man Blues" and "Summertime Blues" throughout their performing career, including their late reunion tours.

Other aspects of their performances

The musicians of The Who were also natural showmen: singer Daltrey was a dynamic front man, noted for hurling his microphone around on the end of its cord like a lariat. Townshend is famed for playing crashing chords on his guitar with great windmill-like sweeps of his arms (he claims that he got the idea from watching Keith Richards swing his arms to limber them up before a concert; Richards later said he didn't remember ever doing it). On a number of occasions Townshend has cut his hand on the strings and during one performance he managed to impale his hand on the tremolo arm. The maniacal Moon battered his drums powerfully. Through all that mayhem, Entwistle stood still, often for the entire length of the show, seemingly bored by the whole affair, playing intricate, powerful, innovative bass lines as if he had the stage to himself. The band members also punctuated their performances with jokes, tricks, and over-the-top introductions to the songs; Townshend once commented that only the cessation of touring saved them from degenerating into a vaudeville act. During performances, they would often chat with members of the audience between songs. The crowd-band interaction was high during performances of Tommy or Quadrophenia, when Townshend would feel the need to explain the plot of the operas to the crowd. During these explanations, Moon would usually comment in a sarcastic and humorous manner, much to the delight of the crowd.

In the early years, The Who were most famous for smashing their instruments at the end of their concerts, and would often throw the damaged remains into the audience. This would signal that the band had given all it had, and generated some coveted souvenirs as a side effect (the broken bits of gear). Townshend cites his art school mentor Gustav Metzger as an influence, who had developed a concept called Auto-Destructive Art.

One of the most famous times this happened was on The Smothers Brothers Show on September 15, 1967. The band was nearing the end of "My Generation" when the American audience witnessed the truly destructive nature of The Who. A smoke machine started behind the amp racks, and Pete Townshend jammed his guitar into his speaker several times, causing it to appear to short circuit in a ball of fire and smoke. This was actually a rigged pyro, set behind the amps, which, bearing in mind that the backing track was pre-recorded, were not plugged in.The amp did however catch fire. Keith Moon had bribed roadies to rig his drum set with triple the normal amount of explosives, and as Pete Townshend was smashing his guitar into oblivion on the stage,Keith Moon ignited the explosives,and Townshend, supposedly (see below), sustained severe ear damage while Keith Moon is seen to collapse into the wreckage of his drums. A bewildered Tommy Smothers, the host, can be seen trying to regain control of the disheveled band members following the explosion. Bette Davis, watching the show in the audience, is rumoured to have fainted during the commotion that ensued. The entire incident can be seen in the The Kids Are Alright movie.

In their early days when they were touring as an intro band to such acts as Herman's Hermits, their resources did not permit the wholesale destruction of their equipment. Occasionally, Daltrey and Townshend would be seen trying to tape or glue a guitar body back together after a concert. Although The Who mostly stopped smashing their instruments around the time of Tommy, they would occasionally do it long afterwards.

They were also notorious for how they treated their hotel rooms and dressing rooms, particularly Moon, with frequent incidents of destruction (another eventual cliché). The band was arrested for this on at least one occasion, in Montreal, and were for many years banned from the Holiday Inn hotel chain.

The Who were also a legendarily violent group. Tensions existed between members of the band that sometimes erupted in brawls, sometimes even on the stage. In one incident, Roger Daltrey knocked Keith Moon unconscious backstage in a fight about the prodigious drug intake of the latter which Daltrey believed had adversely affected the group's performance.

This aura of potential violence, coupled with the destruction of their instruments and the sheer volume of the stage shows added to the renowned excitement of Who shows.

At one infamous moment during the Woodstock music festival, Townshend struck Abbie Hoffman, a social and political activist in the United States, and co-founder of the Yippies(Youth International Party), after the latter interrupted The Who's performance to protest the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. During a brief lull in the set, Hoffman grabbed a microphone and yelled, "I think this is a pile of shit! While John Sinclair rots in prison. . ." Townshend, unhappy with the interruption, cut Hoffman off mid-sentence, snarling, "Back off! Back off my fucking stage!" He then struck Hoffman with his guitar, sending the interloper tumbling offstage, to the approving roar of the crowd. Townshend later said he actually agreed with Hoffman on Sinclair's imprisonment, though he made the point that he would have knocked Hoffman offstage regardless of his message. While the incident occurred during a camera change (and was thus not filmed) it was captured on audio, and can be heard on the The Who's box set, Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (Disc 2, Track 20, "Abbie Hoffman Incident"). More recently, a film clip "Woodstock Incident" of the before and aftermath of the event has surfaced on YouTube. The video does not show Hoffman being struck but does include Pete's harsh words of warning to the next spectator thinking of interrupting the show.

The Who's live performances were traditionally extremely loud. For most of the 1970s and 1980s they were listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the loudest Rock band in the world, measured at 130 decibels, though other bands, notably Deep Purple have since taken over that dubious honour. Daltrey has hearing problems as a result, and Townshend's later partial deafness and tinnitus is well known; popular legends hold that the members of the band suffered permanent hearing loss from their loud concerts, or that Townshend's right ear was damaged as a result of being too close to the drum kit when Moon detonated an oversized concussion bomb in it at the conclusion of a performance on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in 1967. Townshend, however, maintains that the true cause was listening to music at high volume through headphones in the recording studio.

Various members of the band wore "trademark" dress on stage and in photo shoots at various periods of the band's history. During the 1960s Townshend sported a jacket made of a Union Flag. (Reportedly the Irish Republican Army threatened to blow up the band on stage if he wore it at an appearance in Ireland, but Townshend had planned ahead and provided himself with a jacket more sympathetic to Irish nationalist sentiments.) At the end of the decade he switched to a simple jumpsuit or boiler suit, and appears wearing it in the Woodstock footage. For a period, John Entwistle wore a Halloween-style skeleton suit in concert. From the late 1960s through most of the 1970s, Roger Daltrey appeared in a fringed buckskin jacket or vest, and can be seen wearing it in most film footage of the era. In addition to clothes, all but Daltrey shared the same haircut during the Tommy era, with the sides grown to neck-length but the fringe (bangs) cut very short.

In the studio

See also: The Who's influence on sound

Sounds

The Who were more efficient as a live band, and throughout their history members always claimed that they could never capture their live sound in the studio. Because of this, studio recordings were always made for the purpose of establishing material for The Who's live shows during which songs would take on entirely new dimensions. Perhaps the best starter for anyone interested in listening to the band is the Live at Leeds album, on which, recently, the entire 1970 concert is now available. However, great care and effort went into the recording process so that the studio recordings are among the best of their genre even though they, in many ways, are not representative of the band. As the sixties progressed their studio sound was progressively modified by the use of overdubs to add complete additional parts without the need for additional musicians, rather than simply as an ordinary studio technique for capturing clean takes of vocal and solo parts. The added parts were usually additional guitar and keyboard parts for Townshend, though horn parts by John Entwistle were added to one or more songs on each album. When Tommy came out in 1969, the mix included not only electric guitar, bass, drums, and three-part vocals, but additional tracks for acoustic guitar, piano, organ, and horn, as if performed by six or eight instrumentalists rather than the actual three. As a result of this expansion many of their recorded songs have a dense sound with rich textures and fine details which can only be appreciated through careful headphone listenings.

Tommy also featured some of Townshend's early use of synthetic sounds, a recording of the click and fade of a piano note or some sort of percussion instrument dubbed in from a reversed tape to give a sound which grows louder up to a sharp cut-off, used in the song "Amazing Journey". His interest in synthetic sounds blossomed when he acquired an early VCS3 synthesizer and used it very aggressively on the 1971 Who's Next album. Other keyboard instruments continued to be used in the band's recordings, though they briefly returned to a leaner sound for the 1975 The Who By Numbers album. Townshend's adoption of the synthesizer and the near-simultaneous maturation of studio recording equipment and techniques led to a big, solid, "modern" sound which became the signature of the post-classic era Who.

Genres

The studio albums of the sixties chronicle the phases of the band's ventures into several sub-genres of rock music and their experiments with Modernism. Their 1965 My Generation UK album (released in US 1966 in slightly altered form, "The Who Sings My Generation") features covers of popular rhythm and blues songs performed with a heavy sound which The Who promoted as "Maximum R&B". On their 1966 A Quick One UK album (released in the U.S. by 1967 in slightly altered form, "Happy Jack") they abandoned R&B in favor of an experiment in Pop music as an aural counterpart to the pop art movement. By the time of their 1967 The Who Sell Out album they had mostly abandoned the Pop experiment, instead offering a mixture of psychedelic rock and other songs of no specific sub-genre characteristics. With their release of Tommy in 1969 they gave up their experiments with sub-genres, and settled on a mainstream rock sound, albeit well toward the "hard" end of the spectrum and featuring many of the characteristics of progressive rock, which with the mini opera on Quick One they had already helped pioneer, alongside Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the Kinks, Procol Harum and the Moody Blues; the aim was to do something serious with rock music - a rare occurrence at the time. In the 1980s, the band made an attempt at achieving a New Wave sound and even released a single, "Eminence Front", which had a sound heavily influenced by funk.

In the background of those major trends in The Who's music there were several other minor tendencies. Keith Moon always wanted to play surfer music (he joined the Beach Boys for an hour), and two or three tunes in that genre eventually appeared on the band's B-sides or collection albums, such as the tune "The Ox" from My Generation. As time passed Townshend increasingly incorporated jazz and swing motifs into his composition, singing, and playing, but even when present they tend to be masked by the hard rock sound of the band in ensemble. Finally, as with most of the early British rock musicians, the band's members were greatly influenced by country music, though the genre rarely appears in their recordings unless transformed almost beyond recognition.

Influence

The Who are one of the most influential groups in rock music. Their progressive approach to the writing of albums and their exciting live show are matched by few. The hard-rock style they brought to England's music scene was one that set the stage for other bands ranging from Led Zeppelin to The Clash.

During their earliest Mod genesis, The Who provided inspiration for most, if not all, of the major bands during the Britpop wave in Britain during the mid-1990s. Bands such as Blur, Oasis, Stereophonics and Ash draw a heavy influence from the band's work, which, especially with the Mod counter-culture, provided a quintessentially "Cool Britannia" ideal.

The group has been credited with devising the "rock opera" and it made one of the first notable concept albums. Following in Tommy's footsteps were David Bowie's The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust, The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway by Genesis, Jethro Tull's "Thick as a Brick", and the Pink Floyd albums Dark Side of the Moon, Animals, and especially The Wall. Recently, the idea was adopted by The Flaming Lips in Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots and Green Day with American Idiot.

"My Generation" is perhaps the band's most covered song. Iron Maiden, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Patti Smith, McFly and Hillary Duff have recorded it. Oasis used it as their set closer during their 2005 world tour. The Zimmers, known as "the world's oldest rock band," made a tongue-in-cheek version and used it as their first single, which became a hit in Britain. David Bowie covered "I Can't Explain" "Pictures of Lily' and "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere". The Sex Pistols covered "Substitute" in their early concerts. The Clash referred to the "I Can't Explain" riff in "Clash City Rockers" and "Guns on the Roof". Pearl Jam performed The Who's "Baba O'Riley" and "The Kids Are Alright" during their tours in the 1990s and 2000s. Pearl Jam have also played many other Who songs such as "Leaving Here", "Blue, Red, & Grey", "Love, Reign O'er Me" and "Naked Eye". German band Scorpions covered "I Can't Explain" while shock metal band W.A.S.P. covered "The Real Me". Van Halen covered "Won't Get Fooled Again" on their 1993 live album Live: Right Here, Right Now, explicitly describing it as "a tribute to The Who" and in 1995, Phish covered Quadrophenia for their second annual Halloween concert tradition of performing another band's album in its entirety, which was later released as Live Phish Volume 14. The Grateful Dead also covered "Baba O'Riley" in the early 1990s, as did Nirvana. Rush covered "The Seeker" on their 2004 "Feedback" EP and live during their R30 tour that same year. Limp Bizkit also did a cover of "Behind Blue Eyes" mixed with The Verve's "Bittersweet Symphony" in their 2004 album "Results May Vary". Fish (ex marillion) covered "The Seeker" during his Songs From The Mirror period, it can be heard on the reissue. Many other artists, from Buddy Rich to Richard Thompson to Petra Haden (who covered The Who Sell Out in its entirety), have covered Who songs.

The music of The Who is still performed in public by many tribute bands, such as The Wholigans, Who's Next USA, BARGAIN, The Relay, and The OHM, in the USA, Who's Next UK, Who's Who UK, and The Whodlums in the UK.

All three versions of the American forensic drama CSI ( CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami and CSI: New York ) feature songs written and performed by The Who as their theme songs, "Who Are You", "Won't Get Fooled Again" and "Baba O'Riley" respectively.

Discography

Main article: The Who discography

Personnel

Main article: The Who personnel

Notes

References

• Marsh, Dave (1983). Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-07155-8.